Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism Essay Example

Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism Paper Gryndal - Professor - English 2328 14 November 2006 Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism In the short-story â€Å"Editha,† by William Dean Howells, Howells presents the movement in literature from the idealistic romantic period into modern realism showing the conflict that exists between these ideologies through the expression of sexual dominance. Howells uses the expression of sexual dominance from the highly romanticized views of war to show the catalyst for the conflict between the two forms. The story begins with an air of impending war showing Editha’s romantic views of war in general and her belief in the glory that wars bring those who fight them. Editha was â€Å"a girl who embodied all the nonsense about the heroic romanticism of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Carter, 231) This deeply romanticized idea of the hero leads her to involve her lover, George. Initially she approaches George in a reserved manner as she â€Å"put a guard upon herself against urging him, by any word or act, to take the part that her whole soul willed him to take, for the completion of her ideal for him. (392) Eventually, though not completely intentionally, she expresses her full nature and focused sexual energy, unguarded, upon her lover; â€Å"her womanhood upon his manhood, without knowing the means she was using to the end she was willing. † (392) As stated by Free, â€Å"Howells implies that merely by expressing her feelings about the war Editha satisfied her own romantic sense. â €  (Free 2) Continuing this manipulation of her lover to its climax, Editha makes even their courtship contingent upon his submission to her belief in this letter to him: â€Å"George: I understood-when you left me. We will write a custom essay sample on Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But I think we had better emphasize your meaning that if we cannot be one in everything we had better be one in nothing. So I am sending these things for your keeping till you have made up your mind. â€Å"I shall always love you, and therefore I shall never marry anyone else. But the man I marry must love his country first of all, and be able to say to me, ‘I could not love thee, dear, so much, Loved I not honor more. ’ â€Å"There is no honor above America with me. I have never expected to say so much, but it has come upon me that I must say the utmost. Editha. (394) The letter, wrapped in red, white, and blue ribbon and a package full of all the things, including the engagement ring, that George had given her, were made ready to send to him. This letter exemplifies Editha’s resolve in her romantic thought, fully expecting her lover to yield to her. Unable to resolve the reality of war with her romantic ideals, Editha fanaticizes of her lover returning home le ss a man, †with an empty sleeve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  so that he should be dependant on her and, â€Å"†¦should have three arms instead of two, for both of hers should be his for life. (397) She expresses clearly her need for dominance over her lover, as Furia states, â€Å"with her two arms Editha will have a clear superiority†. (Furia 1) Even after Editha’s mother sternly corrects her manipulation of George saying, â€Å"I guess you’ve done a wicked thing,† (394) she continues, as if unable to consider any view other then her own. George’s death, killed almost immediately in the first wave of combat, causes her a great grief of â€Å"fever that she expected of herself† (398) while at the same time â€Å"she was not even delirious† (398) as she did not expect, nor â€Å"did it last very long. (398) Editha’s inability to accept the reality of this undesired consequence further strengthens her fixed romantic views and her i nability to deal with reality, â€Å"She had visions of him returning heroically home, with some slight wound to testify his courage,† (Carter, 231) however, he did not return home at all, sinking her into a deep, but short-lived depression. â€Å"In the exultation of duty laid upon herit buoyed her up instead of burdening her. † (398) Ultimately, this is where Howells adeptly shows the real superficiality of romanticism. Traveling with her father to her mother-in-law’s home, dressed prideful â€Å"tall and black in her crapes which filled the air with the smell of their dyes,† (399) Editha is unprepared for the reality that Mrs. Gearson, her mother-in-law, presents to her. Mrs. Gearson ends their conversation saying, â€Å"’I thank my God they killed him first, and that he ain’t (sic) livin’ (sic) with their blood on his hands! ’† (399) She continues to express her disdain for Editha’s prideful black clothes, â€Å"’What you got that black on for? †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢take it off, before I tear it from your back! ’† (399) Mrs. Gearson shows Editha’s delusion for what it is and manages to â€Å"nearly to destroy Edithas idealism. † (Piacentino 6) Through out the story Howells has shown numerous examples of Editha’s romantic views and her expression of dominance over her lover, however, it is not until t he final paragraph that he shows the true inability of Editha to depart from her romantic ideals and accept any form of reality. In the closing scene, Editha, recanting the encounter with her mother-in-law to the artist painting her portrait, finds relief in the artists words: â€Å"But how dreadful of her! How perfectly—excuse me—how vulgar! † (400) with that word, vulgar, Editha â€Å"began to live again in the ideal. † (400) †By finding Mrs. Gearsons world vulgar, a world which Editha has always shunned, she can continue to live on in the non-world of the superlatives. † (Englehart, 5) All is right in Editha’s world now, regardless how it may be in any one else’s world. The shallowness of the romanticism leaves us with only †inscrutable silence of the Cheshire cat, content within herself, but unable to communicate with the neurotics that surround her. † (Bellamy 5) This is the superficiality of romanticism; to live in one’s own world without concern for anyone else within it. Howells shows how romanticism and realism simply fail to coexist. †What he was really doing was placing this drama within the context of the larger drama taking place in late nineteenth-century Americathe conflict between the worlds of romantic llusion and of vulgar realism. † (Englehart, 5) Works Cited Bellamy, Michael O. â€Å"Eros and Thanatos in William Dean Howellss `Editha. † American Literary Realism, Vol. XII, No. 2, Autumn, 1979, pp. 283-87. MLA International Journal. Gale. Carter, Everett. Howells and the Age of Realism. Hamden, Connecticut: Arcon Books, 1966. Engelhart, Carl W. â€Å"Howells EdithaToward Realism † American a-Austriaca, edited by Klaus Lanzinger, Wilhelm Braumuller, 1974, pp. 3-9. MLA International Journal. Gale. Free, William J. â€Å"Howells `Editha and Pragmatic Belief. Studies in Short Fiction, Vol. III, No. 3, Spring, 1966, pp. 285-92. MLA International Journal. Gale. Furia, Philip. â€Å"Editha: The Feminine View. † American Literary Realism, Vol. XII, No. 2, Autumn, 1979, pp. 278-82. MLA International Journal. Gale. Howells, William Dean. â€Å"Editha. † The American Tradition in American Literature. Ed. George Perkins and Barbara Perkins. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 391-400. Piacentino, Edward J. â€Å"Arms in Love and War in Howells `Editha. † Studies in Short Fiction, Vol. 24, No. 4, Fall, 1987, pp. 425-32. MLA International Journal. Gale.

buy custom Critical and Creative Thinking essay

buy custom Critical and Creative Thinking essay Critical and creative thinking can be applied in many areas inclusive of the nursing field. In nursing, critical and creative thought can be used for clinical thinking, decision making and action nursing practices. The graduate nurses can apply critical and creative thinking to come up with nursing and other appropriate theories and models and an appropriate ethical framework. They can apply it for research-based knowledge; clinical judgment and decision making skills; creative problem solving practices; evaluation of nursing outcomes and deciding on the best practice; and performing a self-dialog on the professional practice. It is important for the clinicians to think critically and creatively for the best medical outcomes and for the satisfaction of their patients need. The use of critical and creative thinking is very important in the decision on the condition of the patients and the medication and the kind of follow up to be made. When engaging in such practices, the clinicians gain experience in working with different kinds of patients for the better future. The term free will means the motivation to make decisions that are not constrained by external circumstances or by actions such as fate and divine influences. Truth means the actual fact that can be proved. Knowledge is the condition of acquaintance with the facts truth or principles of someone or something gained through the study, investigation, or erudition, exerience or association with it. Opinion is a subjective subject or a personal view, attitude or appraisal that results from ones emotions or interpretation of facts. The four are used when forming thoughts. When responding to a lecturers question for instance, all these aspects will be included. Free will is the part that will allow one to respond freely within reasons, truth allows one to remain faithful to the topic in question, knowledge is the study, investigation and research performed that allows one to deliver facts on the subject matter and opinion guarantees that one will give his or her own views on the subject. The hindrances to critical thinking can be categorized into basic human limitations, hindrance due to use of language, psychological and sociological pitfalls and faulty or logic perceptions. Conformism, prejudice, ethnocentrism, assumptions, relativism or subjectivism, egocentrism, intimidation by authority, memory lapses, ignorance and coincidence are just but a few examples to mention. We will look at perception, egocentrism and intimidation by authority. Perception involves being unaware of ones own perception limitations that can lead to misconception. Egocentrism means defending your views for your own popularity and intimidation by the authority is acting to please the authority. Perception can be solved by referencing other sources for more knowledge. Egocentrism can be solved by understanding that we can also have limitations by our wishful thinkking. Lastly, intimidation by the authority can be solved by recognizing that any appeal to the authority is irrelevant to providin g logic grounds for critical thinking. I once experienced a hindrance when I was stressed up and was to make a decision on student leadership campaign strategy. The physical and emotional hindrance gave me the lowest rank in the pre-election poll. After resolving it through restraining from decision making while stressed up, I emerged the winner. Thinking on the roads and highway billboard message DONT drink and drive, could mean buying drinks and taking them while at home or in the lodging, drinking and hiring a cab or letting someone else to drink for you to drive. I actually thought that it was meant to promote the cab business in the market. The actual meaning of the message is that upon drinking alcohol abusively, there are many dangers imposed to one when driving. You can have an accident on your way home while driving or cause an accident. The results of these would be fatal injuries, distractions or even death. The difference between the actual meaning of the message and the first impression that it causes in the perception is sound. Unless one has a deeper insight into the subject matter of the message, the wrong message can be taken in hence resulting into the worse. The billboards therefore pose as reminders of the dangers in drinking oneself silly and driving. Buy custom Critical and Creative Thinking essay

Anil story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anil story - Essay Example The boy’s state depict how fearful he was for what would happen in future. He is being forced to the city yet he really does not want to. By crying out loud and asking the questions, it is evident that he does not like what may happen when he is away. Some theme of fear has been described in this section. The writer describes Anin’s state and goes ahead to describe his feelings and imaginations. He believed there could be a ghost outside that will make him not return. Anin feared the dark and unforeseen circumstances. The fact that Anin did not dare go out of the house himself is proof enough that he did have fear. The Author develops this theme by using vivid description. He describes the ghostly tree and he fact that Anin made attempts to move out and came back. We are even told that Anin knew he would not return, which blankly develops this theme. The fact that Noor has described the feelings and emotions around Anin depicts instance of fear. This is a boy who has certainly watched the incident of suicide. In addition to this, the author brings out his body language that clearly shows that the boy was gripped with fear. This story further explores how the village people slept and dreamt from the opening paragraphs. Definitely this young boy lacked the sleep, creating the element of fear. Fear of exposure. In this section, Marimuthu definitely knew all was not well, someone had sported him. The Author describes his guilty looks and this brings the element of fear. In this category, the village headman and Anil’s also seem fearful of any repercussions because they know the death was not suicidal. Consider the sentences â€Å"I have to talk to you, Ragunathan. I have to talk to you about this son of yours† and ‘Are you sending me off because I saw him do it?’ These two show some element of fear thus the actions that transpired. The author has used onomatopoeia to create setting and environment of fear. The

The latest 4G communications development Research Paper

The latest 4G communications development - Research Paper Example Additionally, the 4G data transfer systems make it simple for employees to contribute in a video conference by making use of a small cell phone in the areas, or to tune in to high-quality data and information streaming video by using a mobile device. In this scenario, special networks are designed for 4G communication systems to operate flawlessly with accessible networks and offer worldwide roaming. In addition, an inactive user is able to get speed of 1 gigabits per second (Gbps) for downloading data and information through 4G communication systems (Renshaw; Turban, Leidner and McLean). Moreover, some of the well known standards for the 4G technology based systems are 802.20, HSDPA, WiMAX (802.16), UMTS, TDD UMTS and future editions of UMTS and proprietary networks from Navini Networks, Array Comm. Inc., In this scenario, Flarion Technologies is also deploying 4G technology based systems in China, India and Japan. In addition, the technology based design on which 4G technologies wi ll be based in known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Additionally, it is the main enabler of 4G technologies. In addition, some of the innovative and technological features of 4G include adaptive processing and elegant antennas, as well as both of them will be utilized in 3G networks and improve rates when utilized with OFDM (Tank; Wang and Katz). Moreover, at the present 3G networks yet transmit their data digitally above a single data transmission, while OFDM is designed to move information and data through the hundreds of parallel data transmission streams, as a result growing the extent of data and information that could be transmitted simultaneously through traditional CDMA communication networks (Tank; Wang and Katz). Furthermore, 4G technologies offer numerous advantages including higher bandwidth and quick response time. In fact, this technology offers 10 times quicker response time as compared to 3G. In addition, it is able to operate at 2.6GHz frequen cy that improves the network coverage even it makes use of the same tower where data and information is being received and transmitted for 3G. This technology also takes less time to build 4G for the reason that it makes use of the same tower and fiber-cables which are used by 3Gs however they simply have to enhance the towers by means of 4G components (Answers Corporation). In this scenario, the image given below offers a detailed description of the 4G technology. It demonstrates a detailed overview of the technology working and operations: Figure 1- 4G Technology: Source: http://www.m-indya.com/shownews.php?newsid=2248 AT&T Mobility LLC is a subsidiary of AT&T that is currently offering wireless support and services to more than 100.7 million users and subscribers in the US, Puerto Rico and other U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, AT&T Mobility has now turned out to be a one of the biggest wireless telecommunication suppliers in the US after Verizon Wireless that currently has more than 107.7 million clients. Additionally, AT&T Mobility is located in the Lenox Park region of DeKalb Co. Georgia, immediately outside the Atlanta (Ibrahim; Wikipedia). In this scenario, T-Mobile has established the policy to encourage its myTouch 4G device that makes use of HSPA+ network, because

Reflection Paper on Criminology Group Presentation

Reflection Paper on Criminology Group Presentation I found that making this academic presentation to be a very challenging experience. This was mainly down to working with a group of people that I dont know, another factor that may have contributed is that I had to study an area of London that Im not familiar with. Despite how challenging I thought the experience was I also found that working on, and presenting the presentation to be a rewarding experience, this was because I was able use theories I had learned and apply them to a specific area. The groups we were in were allocated at random, this was done by giving each person a number between one and four, the number you were given is the group that you are in, this led there to mixed groups with mixed levels of ability. I found the process to be quite bothersome as I was split from the friends I had formed in the seminar group, the group I was put into consisted of four people. After being allocated into are groups were told that for the presentation we could choose any post code to research as long as it was in London. After this we were then told that we had to gather information about that specific area and that we had to use different theorys to explain the information we had gathered. At the end of the seminar the group I was in all exchanged contact details so we could talk over the up coming independent learn week. Over the independent study week we decided as a group which area we want to study which was Harlesden. The task I was given was to pick a crime of my choice and gather statistics on the crime using the Metropolitan Police statistics website, later on I would use the theories that we had been taught in our lectures and seminars to explain the crime I had picked. Another part of my task was to find statistics and information about the housing in Harlesden and try and compare them with the crime statistics I had gathered. It took a bit of time but I did finally decided on the crime I was going to pick and the crime was robbery. After I decided I then looked on the internet for information and statistics for robbery, the main website I used was the Metropolitan Police statistics website as it was reliable and we were shown how to navigate the website in the seminar. Finding reliable robbery statistics was quite straight forward to do as the statistics on the website were up to date and were fairly easy to understand. This was quite the opposite to the information on housing on the MET Police statistics website, the most difficult part, for me at least, was trying to decide what information was relevant and useful and separating it from the useless irrelevant information. Another factor that hindered me was that the majority of the information was outdated which made it unreliable. This problem was not just isolated to me as other members of my group also faced being confronted with too much information and having to deal with outdated statistics. It was useful that the group I was in would meet up twice every week outside of the seminars to discuss the progress that we had each made, it also meant that we could discuss any issues that we were having and voice any concerns that we had about the presentations. One problem with this was that one member of the group almost always never showed up to the meetings which isnt useful for the group or the individual. During one of the first meetings we had I told my group about the problems I was facing trying to find reliable information on housing, the group helped me decided that I should just gather the statistics for robbery in Harlesden. After I have done this they told me I can then use these statistics and compare it with the previous year, the thinking behind this was that by comparing the robbery rates of this years and the previous year we can show whether or not the actions being taken by the police or preventions the police ha ve put in place to decrease robbery in Harlesden are truly working, they also suggested that I should compare Harlesdens robbery rate against the MET total as this would show how Harlesden compares with robbery rates in terms of the whole of London. In my presentation I used three theories to explain robbery, the three I chose to use were the classicist approach of rational decision, zones of transition theory and also the relative deprivation theory. All three of these theories had been taught in the lecture, nevertheless I found that by doing my own personal reading and internet research it helped me fully understand these theories and then be able to apply them to the statistical data and explain robbery. The readings and internet research that I did meant that I was able to write a great statement on why robbery in Harlesden is committed, whilst also knowing the theories to a degree that I would be able to explain them during my presentation. As a group before the deadline we decided that it would be easier and more useful to do four individual presentations instead of one big presentation. During my presentation I felt that my presentation skills could have been better, this was maybe because it was the first presentation I had to do at university and nerves may have played a part. The fact that we decided to do individual presentations may also have been a factor because when your in a group others could bring up points that maybe you might have forgotten in the moment and help you through moments when you need it. All but one of my groups individual presentations seem to go alright, the one that went quite wrong was the person that never showed up to any of the group meetings, there presentation was one slide long with not much information on it and they didnt seem to have tried to complete any of the tasks we set them to do. It was quite frustrating to see because if they had turned up to group meetings they would hav e found that completing the presentation to be quite easy. If I was to change anything it would most likely be to practice my presentation skills, as I felt that this was the part that let my presentation down, this would have made presenting the presentation easier and may have even improved the grade that I received. Before I began to look at Harlesden I little idea where it was, and had almost no information about the area. This meant that I got my first impression of Harlesden from the MET police crime statistics, this in turn gave me the feeling that maybe Harlesden was a area that was maybe rife with crime. This changed however after having done more investigating in to area and having spoken to the two people in my group that live there, my impressions have now changed and I now view Harlesden like most other place, there are some better areas and there are some worse areas. This shows how working in a group can be beneficial as they helped me see that I shouldnt judge a place on just statistics and that you need to speak to people that live in the area to fully understand the area. If I had been in a group with people that didnt live in Harlesden I believe that my first impression of the area would still be the impression that would have today, yet having people in my group who had experien ced Harlesden first hand and could talk about the experiences they have had helped assist in changing my first impression. I felt this presentation helped me because I was able to improve on my weakness which I had which was my presentation skills and this allowed me to improve this in a later presentation I did for another module. So reflecting on my experience of this presentation allowed me to improve the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning (Schà ¶n, 1983:173). This experience also showed that I was able to complete my research and gather information and deliver it in a presentation which was a new thing for me. At first I didnt feel confidence that I would be able to deliver a good piece of work, but by working with others it has shown me that if you all work together on a piece of work it doesnt seem as daunting and it will make the experience more rewarding. Bibliography Schà ¶n, D (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think In Action. New York: Basic Books

Clarification Theory Essay

â€Å"Aristotle’s statement about the final end of tragedy— Purgation or Catharsis—has been so endlessly misunderstood, so uncritically assumed to be true.† Discuss. ‘Katharsis’ or ‘Catharsis’ is a word of Greek origin. In the Greek language it has three meanings—†Purgation,† â€Å"Purification,† â€Å"Clarifica ¬tion.† Aristotle uses this word in the Poetics only once. While dealing with the function of tragedy, Aristotle says only this much :— ‘’..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.through pity and fear effecting the proper Katharsis or purgation of these emotions.† But he himself does not give any meaning of the term ‘Catharsis.’ These are the later critics who have interpreted this word in various ways. And this has given birth to various theories. Let us, therefore, discuss some major theories of Catharsis. 1. The Pathological or Purgation Theory According to some Renaissance critics and later on critics like Twining and Barney, Catharsis is a medical metaphor, it denotes purgation, a pathological effect on the soul similar to the effect of medicine on the body. Just as the purgatives purge the body of the dirt and dross, similarly tragedy purges the mind of the unpleasant emotions of pity and fear by first exciting them and then providing them an emotional outlet. The result is a pleasurable relief. Milton also had explained this theory of Katharsis in his preface to Samson Agonistes. In the neo-classical era, Catharsis was taken to be an alopathic treatment with the unlike curing unlike. The arousing of pity and fear was supposed to bring about the purgation or evacuation of other emotions like anger, pride, etc. The spectacle of suffering arouses our pity and fear and we are ‘purged’ of the emotions that caused the suffering. If the suffering is caused by emotions like anger, hatred, or impiety towards the gods, we are ‘purged’ of such undesirable emotions, because we realise their evil consequences. â€Å"We learn from the terrible fates of evil men to avoid the vices they manifest.† Thomas Taylor in his introduction to the Poetics (1818) holds this view. Psychological Interpretation F.L. Lucas rejects the idea that Katharsis as used by Aristotle is a medical metaphor, and says : â€Å"theatre is not a hospital.† Both Lucas and Herbert Read regard it as a kind of safety valve. Pity and fear are aroused, we give free play to these emotions as we cannot do in real life, and this safe and free outlet of these emotions is followed by emotional relief. In real life they are repressed, and in the theatre the free indulgence in these emotions, aroused by the suffering of the hero, is safe and brings relief to our pent up souls. LA. Richards also approaches this issue from a psychological angle. Fear is the impulse to withdraw and pity is the impulse to approach. Both these impulses are harmonised and blended in tragedy, and this balance brings relief and repose. Ethical Interpretation The ethical interpretation is that the tragic process is a kind of elevation of the soul, an inner illumination resulting in a more balanced attitude to life and its suffering. Tragedy makes us realise that the divine law operates in the universe, shaping everything for the best. Purification Theory Humphrey House rejects the idea of purgation in the medical sense of the term, and is the most forceful advocate of the ‘purification’ theory, which involves the idea of moral instruction and moral learning. It is a kind of ‘moral conditioning’ which the spectators undergo. So to Humphrey House purgation means ‘cleansing’. This cleansing may be a ‘quantitative evacuation’ or a ‘qualitative change’ in the body brought about by a restoration of proper equilibrium; and a state of health depends on the maintenance of this equilibrium. Tragedy by arousing pity and fear, instead of suppressing them, trains them, and brings back the soul to a balanced state. So Humphrey House regards Katharsis as an educative, and controlling process. Thus according to the purification theory, Katharsis implies that our emotions are purified of excess and defect. Butcher, too, :grees with the advocates of the ‘purification theory1, when he writes, â€Å"the tragic Katharsis involves not only the idea of emotional relief, but the further idea of purifying the emotions so relieved.† Inadequacy of above Theories : Clarification However neither the purgation theory nor purification theory explains the whole thing. The basic defect of these theories is that they are too much occupied with the psychology of the audience, with speculation regarding the effect of tragedy on those who come to the theatre. It is forgotten that Aristotle was writing a treatise, not on psychology, but on the art of poetry. He is more â€Å"concerned with the technique, the way in which an ideal tragedy can be written, and its nature, than’ with its psychological effects. For this reason, eminent modern critics like Leon Golden, O.B. Hardison and G.E. Else advocate the ‘clarification theory.’ According to O.B. Hardison, Aristotle meant pleasure by Katharsis. In his opinion, tragic events are pitiable and fearful. They produce pleasure in the spectator. Hence Catharsis refers to the tragic variety of pleasure. In order to create a tragic pleasure, a tragic poet may begin by select ¬ing a series of incidents that are intrinsically pitiable and fearful. From history or legend, he may borrow material or invent events. â€Å"He then presents them in such a way as to bring out the probable or necessary principles that unite them in a single action and determine their relation to this action ‘Thus catharsis means clarification of the essential and universal significance of the incidents depicted, leading to an enhanced understanding of the universal law which governs human life and des ¬tiny. ‘Catharsis’ is a process of learning, and therefore, pleasurable.’ The Clarification theory has, in this way, various good points in it. (1) It interprets the Catharsis clause as a reference to the technique of the tragedy, and not to the psychology of the audience, and thus recognises the true nature of the Poetics as a technique treatise. (2) It truly interprets Aristotle’s view, contained in his Poetics. (3) It relates catharsis both to the theory of imitation and to the discussion of probability. (4) It is in perfect accordance with current aesthetic theories. Conclusion Purgation and Purification theories are merely incidental. They do not remain authentic and authoritative for long, because the basic tragic emotions are pity and fear. If tragedy is to give pleasure—pleasure that comes from learning—the pity and fear, or atleast the painful element, in them, must be removed. Though there may be purgation in the feelings of pity and fear, but â€Å"it is merely incidental, and secondary.† (O.B. Hardison). Thus Aristotle’s view of Catharsis is mainly intellectual. It is neither didactic nor theological. It is not a moral doctrine requiring the tragic poet to show that bad men come to bed ends, nor is it a kind of theological relief arising from the discovery that God’s laws operate invisibly to make all things work out for the best. POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. â€Å"Catharsis† means purgation, purification, or clarification. 2. Though Aristotle uses the term catharsis only once yet it has given currency to a number of theories. 3. The main theories of Catharsis are—the purgation, the psychological, the ethical, the purification and the clarification. 4. The purgation or pathological theory treats catharsis as something having a pathological effect—on the soul similar to the effect of medicine on the body. Tragedy purges the mind of the unpleasant emotions of pity and fear. 5. The psychological interpretation offered by Lucas, Read and Richards says that tragedy by arousing pity and fear provides emotional outlet to the audience. 6. The ethical interpretation says that the tragic process is a kind of elevation to soul. 7. The Purification Theory presented by Humphrey House says that catharsis means cleansing or purification of emotions of excess and defect. 8. All the above theories are inadequate. Hence the necessit y of Clarification Theory by Golden, Hardison and Else. Aristotle was writing about art and poetry. Hence by Catharsis he meant aesthetic pleasure.

Peaceful Pastures

Mid-term Exam| Page: | 1 2 3 | 1. | Question 😠 (TCO 1) The goal of managerial accounting is to provide information that managers need for| | | Student Answer:| | planning. | | | | control. | | | | decision making. | | | | All of the above answers are correct. | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 1, Page 4| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 2. | Question 😠 TCO 1) Which of the following statements regarding fixed costs is true? | | | Student Answer:| | When production increases, fixed cost per unit increases. | | | | When production decreases, total fixed costs decrease. | | | When production increases, fixed cost per unit decreases. | | | | When production decreases, total fixed costs increase. | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 1, Page 9| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 3. | Question 😠 (TCO 1) A retailer purchased some trendy clothes that have gone out of style and must be marked down to 40% of the original selling price in order to be sold. Which of the following is a sunk cost in this situation? | | | Student Answer:| | the current selling price | | | | the original selling price | | | | the original purchase price | | | | the anticipated profit | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 1, Page 9| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 4. | Question 😠 (TCO 1) Shula’s 347 Grill has budgeted the following costs for a month in which 1,600 steak dinners will be produced and sold: materials, $4,080; hourly labor (variable), $5,200; rent (fixed), $1,700; depreciation, $800; and other fixed costs, $600. Each steak dinner sells for $14. 00 each. How much is the budgeted variable cost per unit? | | | Student Answer:| | $5. 80 | | | | $7. 74 | | | | $6. 68 | | | | $3. 25 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 1, Page 8 ($4,080 + $5,200) / 1,600 = $5. 80| | | | Points Received:| 0 of 4 | Comments:| | | | 5. | Question 😠 (TCO 1) Which of the following is an example of a manufacturing ov erhead cost? | | | Student Answer:| | security at the manufacturing plant | | | | fabric used to produce shirts | | | | cost of shipping product to customers | | | | the salary of the president of the company | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 2, Page 37| | | | Points Received:| 0 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 6. | Question 😠 (TCO 1) Product costs| | | Student Answer:| | are also called manufacturing costs. | | | | are considered an asset until the finished goods are sold. | | | | become an expense when the goods are sold. | | | All of the above answers are correct. | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 2, Page 38| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 7. | Question 😠 (TCO 1) At December 31, 2010, WDT Inc. has a balance in the Work in Process Inventory account of $62,000. At January 1, 2010, the balance was $55,000. Current manufacturing costs for the year are $292,000, and cost of goods sold is $284,000. How much is cost of goods manufactured? | | | Student Answer:| | $292,000 | | | | $299,000 | | | | $277,000 | | | | $285,000 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 2, Page 43 $55,000 + $292,000 – $62,000 = $285,000| | | Points Received:| 0 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 8. | Question 😠 (TCO 2) BCS Company applies manufacturing overhead based on direct labor hours. Information concerning manufacturing overhead and labor for August follows: | Estimated| Actual| Overhead cost| $174,000| $171,000| Direct labor hours| 5,800| 5,900| Direct labor cost| $87,000| $89,975| How much overhead should be applied in total during August? | | | Student Answer:| | 177,000 | | | | 179,950 | | | | 171,100 | | | | 168,200 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 2, Page 54 ($174,000 / 5,800) x 5,900 = 177,000| | | | Points Received:| 0 of 4 | | Comments:| | | 9. | Question 😠 (TCO 2) Citrus Company incurred manufacturing overhead costs of $300,000. Total overhead applied to jobs was $306,000. What was the amount of overapplied or underapplied ove rhead? | | | Student Answer:| | $7,000 overapplied | | | | $6,000 overapplied | | | | $6,000 underapplied | | | | $13,000 underapplied | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 2, Page 55 $306,000 – $300,000 = $6,000 overapplied| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 10. | Question 😠 (TCO 3) Companies in which of the following industries would not be likely to use process costing? | | | Student Answer:| | cereals | | | paints | | | | cosmetics | | | | auto body shop | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 3, Page 84| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 11. | Question 😠 (TCO 3) The Blending Department began the period with 45,000 units. During the period the department received another 30,000 units from the prior department and completed 60,000 units during the period. The remaining units were 75% complete. How much are equivalent units in The Blending Department’s work in process inventory at the end of the period? | | | Student Answ er:| | 30,000 | | | | 22,500 | | | | 15,000 | | | | 11,250 | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 3, Page 88 (45,000 + 30,000 – 60,000) x 75% = 11,250| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 12. | Question 😠 (TCO 3) Ranger Glass Company manufactures glass for French doors. At the start of May, 2,000 units were in-process. During May, 11,000 units were completed and 3,000 units were in process at the end of May. These in-process units were 90% complete with respect to material and 50% complete with respect to conversion costs. Other information is as follows: Work in process, May 1:| | Direct material| $36,000| Conversion costs| $45,000| Costs incurred during May:| |Direct material| $186,000| Conversion costs| $255,000| How much is the cost per equivalent unit for direct materials? | | | Student Answer:| | $24. 00 | | | | $16. 20 | | | | $15. 86 | | | | $13. 58 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 3, Page 89 ($36,000 + $186,000) / [11,000 + (3,000 x 90%)] = $16 . 20| | | | Points Received:| 0 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 13. | Question 😠 (TCO 4) Duradyne, Inc. has total costs of $18,000 when 2,000 units are produced and $26,000 when 5,200 units are produced. During March, 4,000 units were produced and sold for $8 each. What is the variable cost per unit? | | | Student Answer:| | $2. 0 | | | | $0. 40 | | | | $2. 00 | | | | $4. 00 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 4, Page 127 ($26,000 – $18,000) / (5,200 – 2,000) = $2. 50| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | | Page: | 1 2 3 | 1. | Question 😠 (TCO 4) The three elements of the profit margin are:| | | Student Answer:| | Selling price per unit, variable cost per unit, and fixed cost per unit. | | | | Total revenues, total variable costs, and total fixed cost. | | | | Selling price per unit, variable cost per unit, and total fixed costs. | | | | Selling price per unit, total variable costs, and fixed cost per unit. | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 4, Page 130| | | | Points Received:| 0 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 2. | Question 😠 (TCO 4) Circle K Furniture has a contribution margin ratio of 16%. If fixed costs are $176,800, how many dollars of revenue must the company generate in order to reach the break-even point? | | | Student Answer:| | $1,105,000 | | | | $282,880 | | | | $1,060,800 | | | | $208,476 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 4, Page 133 $176,800 / 16% = $1,105,000| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 3. | Question 😠 (TCO 4) Randy Company produces a single product that is sold for $85 per unit.If variable costs per unit are $26 and fixed costs total $47,500, how many units must Randy sell in order to earn a profit of $100,000? | | | Student Answer:| | 1,735 | | | | 618 | | | | 890 | | | | 2,500 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 4, Page 132 ($100,000 + $47,500) / ($85 – $26) = 2,500 units| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 4. | Question 😠 (TCO 5) Which of the following is treated differently in full costing than in variable costing? | | | Student Answer:| | Direct materials | | | | Fixed manufacturing overhead | | | | Direct labor | | | | Variable manufacturing overhead | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 5, Page 168| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 5. | Question 😠 (TCO 5) Which of the following items appears on a variable costing income statement but not on a full costing income statement? | | | Student Answer:| | Sales | | | | Gross margin | | | | Net income | | | | Contribution margin | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 5, Page 169| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 6. | Question 😠 (TCO 5) Peak Manufacturing produces snow blowers. The selling price per snow blower is $100. Costs involved in production are: Direct Material per unit| $20| Direct Labor per unit| 12|Variable manufacturing overhead per unit| 10| Fixed manufacturing overhead per year| $148,500| In addition, the compan y has fixed selling and administrative costs of $150,000 per year. During the year, Peak produces 45,000 snow blowers and sells 30,000 snow blowers. How much is net income using full costing? | | | Student Answer:| | 1,641,000 | | | | $1,590,000 | | | | $1,441,500 | | | | $1,491,000 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 5, Pages 172-174 Sales = $100 x 30,000 = $3,000,000Expenses = [($148,500 / 45,000) + $20 + $12 + $10] x 30,000 = $1,359,000 COGS + $150,000 = $1,509,000Net Income = $3,000,000 – $1,509,000 = $1,491,000| | | Points Received:| 0 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 7. | Question 😠 (TCO 6) Costs may be allocated to | | | Student Answer:| | products. | | | | services. | | | | departments. | | | | any of the above. | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 6, Page 201| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 8. | Question 😠 (TCO 5) An allocation base| | | Student Answer:| | is the minimum amount to be allocated to a cost object. | | | | coordinates the man ufacturing overhead costs as they are incurred. | | | | will always be less than the variable costs for a product. | | | | relates the cost pool to the cost objectives. | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 6, Page 202| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 9. | Question 😠 (TCO 6) Sierra Company allocates the estimated $200,000 of its accounting department costs to its production and sales departments because the accounting department supports the other two departments, particularly with regard to payroll and accounts payable functions. The costs will be allocated based on the number of employees using the direct method. Information regarding costs and employees follows: Department| Employees| Accounting| 4| Production| 36| Sales| 12|How much of the accounting department costs will be allocated to the production and sales departments? | | | Student Answer:| | Production: $150,000 Sales: $50,000 | | | | Production: $180,000 Sales: $60,000 | | | | Production: $1,800, 000 Sales: $600,000 | | | | Production: $22,222 Sales: $66,667 | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 6, Pages 213-214 Production = [$200,000 / (36 + 12)] x 36 = $150,000Sales = [$200,000 / (36 + 12)] x 12 = $50,000| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 10. | Question 😠 (TCO 7) A company is trying to decide whether to keep or drop the sporting goods department in its department store.If the segment is dropped, the manager will be fired. The manager's salary, in relation to the decision to keep or drop the sporting goods department, is| | | Student Answer:| | avoidable and therefore relevant. | | | | not avoidable and therefore relevant. | | | | sunk and therefore not relevant. | | | | the same for all alternatives and therefore not relevant. | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 7, Pages 256-257| | | | Points Received:| 0 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 11. | Question 😠 (TCO 7) BigByte Company has 12 obsolete computers that are carried in inventory at a cost of $ 13,200.If these computers are upgraded at a cost of $7,500, they could be sold for $15,300. Alternatively, the computers could be sold â€Å"as is† for $9,000. What is the net advantage or disadvantage of reworking the computers? | | | Student Answer:| | $6,300 advantage | | | | $1,200 disadvantage | | | | $5,400 disadvantage | | | | $3,000 advantage | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 7, Pages 251-252 ($15,300 – $9,000) – ($7,500 – $0) = ($1,200)| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | 12. | Question 😠 (TCO 7) Olde Store has 12,000 cans of crab meat just a week past the expiration date. Each can cost $0. 31.The cans could be sold as is for $0. 20 each, or relabeled and sold as gourmet cat food. The cost of relabeling the cans would be $0. 04 per can and the cans would then sell for $0. 29 per can. What should be done with the cans and why? | | | Student Answer:| | The cans should be thrown away since there will be a loss with the oth er alternatives. | | | | The cans should be relabeled into cat food since the sales price increases $0. 09 per can and the cost is only $0. 04 per can. | | | | The cans should be put on clearance since there is no reason to put more money into something that is already selling below cost. | | | It doesn’t matter what you do since all alternatives result in a loss. | | Instructor Explanation:| Chapter 7, Pages 251-252| | | | Points Received:| 4 of 4 | | Comments:| | | | Page: | 1 2 3 | 1. | Question 😠 (TCO 3) Why is it necessary to use equivalent units in a process costing system? | | | Student Answer:| | Process costing, as we have seen, is essentially a system of averaging. Equivalent Units In calculating the average unit cost, it is necessary to convert the number of partially completed units in Work in Process to an equivalent number of whole units.Otherwise, the denominator in the average unit cost calculation will be misstated. When partially completed units are c onverted to a comparable number of completed units, they are referred to as equivalent units. Jiambalvo. Managerial Accounting, 4th Edition. John Wiley & Sons. . | | Instructor Explanation:| In a company that uses process costing, there may be incomplete units in ending Work in Process inventory. These units are converted to a comparable number of completed units in order to calculate the cost per equivalent unit. | | | | Points Received:| 20 of 20 | | Comments:| | | | 2. Question 😠 (TCO 7) Computer Boutique sells computer equipment and home office furniture. Currently, the furniture product line takes up approximately 50% of the company's retail floor space. The president of Computer Boutique is trying to decide whether the company should continue offering furniture or just concentrate on computer equipment. If furniture is dropped, salaries and other direct fixed costs can be avoided. In addition, sales of computer equipment can increase by 13%. Allocated fixed costs are as signed based on relative sales. | Computer| Home Office| | | Equipment| Furniture| Total| Sales| $1,200,000| $800,000| $2,000,000|Less cost of goods sold| 700,000| 500,000| 1,200,000| Contribution margin| 500,000| 300,000| 800,000| Less direct fixed costs:| | | | Salaries| 175,000| 175,000| 350,000| Other| 60,000| 60,000| 120,000| Less allocated fixed costs:| | | | Rent| 14,118| 9,882| 24,000| Insurance| 3,529| 2,471| 6,000| Cleaning| 4,117| 2,883| 7,000| President's salary| 76,470| 53,350| 130,000| Other| 7,058| 4,942| 12,000| Total costs| 340,292| 380,708| 649,000| Net Income| $159,708| ($ 8,708)| $151,000| | | | | | Prepare an incremental analysis to determine the incremental effect on profit of discontinuing the furniture line. | | Student Answer:| | | | Instructor Explanation:| Incremental drop in revenue| ($800,000)| Incremental cost savings:| | Cost of sales| 500,000| Salaries| 175,000| Other| 60,000| Incremental increase in computer equipment| | (13% x $1,200,000)| 156,000| Incremental increase in computer equipment| | variable costs (13% x $700,000)| (91,000)| Incremental increase in profit| $ 0| | | | | Points Received:| 10 of 25 | | Comments:| | | | 3. | Question 😠 (TCO 4) Beach Rentals has estimated that fixed costs per month are $79,200 and variable cost per dollar of sales is $0. 2. (a) What is the break-even point per month in sales? (b) What level of sales is needed for a monthly profit of $24,000? (c) For the month of July, the company anticipates sales of $240,000. What is the expected level of profit? | | | Student Answer:| | a. ) $165,000 sales b. ) $215,000 c. ) | | Instructor Explanation:| (a) Contribution margin ratio = 1. 00 – 0. 52 = 0. 48 $79,200 ? 0. 48 = $165,000 (b) ($79,200 + $24,000) ? 0. 48 = $215,000 (c) ($240,000 ? 0. 48) – $79,200 = $36,000| | | | Points Received:| 20 of 25 | | Comments:| | | |